"""
Pattern 001: ReAct (Reasoning + Acting)

Description:
    Agent alternates between reasoning about the task and taking actions.
    The ReAct pattern combines reasoning traces with task-specific actions,
    allowing the agent to reason about what to do and then take actions.

Components:
    - Thought: Agent reasons about current state
    - Action: Agent takes an action (e.g., tool use)
    - Observation: Agent observes the result
    - Loop continues until task is complete

Use Cases:
    - Question answering with external knowledge
    - Task completion requiring multiple steps
    - Interactive problem solving

LangChain Implementation:
    Uses LangChain's AgentExecutor with structured tools and ReAct prompt template.
"""

import os
from typing import List, Optional
from dotenv import load_dotenv

from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_react_agent
from langchain.tools import Tool
from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

# Load environment variables
load_dotenv()


# Define example tools
def calculator(expression: str) -> str:
    """Evaluates a mathematical expression."""
    try:
        # Safe evaluation for demo purposes
        result = eval(expression, {"__builtins__": {}}, {})
        return f"Result: {result}"
    except Exception as e:
        return f"Error: {str(e)}"


def search_tool(query: str) -> str:
    """Simulates a search tool that retrieves information."""
    # Simulated search results
    knowledge_base = {
        "capital of france": "Paris",
        "population of tokyo": "approximately 14 million",
        "height of mount everest": "8,848.86 meters (29,031.7 feet)",
        "speed of light": "299,792,458 meters per second",
        "boiling point of water": "100°C (212°F) at sea level",
    }
    
    query_lower = query.lower()
    for key, value in knowledge_base.items():
        if key in query_lower:
            return f"Search result: {value}"
    
    return f"Search result: Information about '{query}' not found in knowledge base."


def get_current_date() -> str:
    """Returns the current date."""
    from datetime import datetime
    return f"Current date: {datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')}"


# Create tools list
tools = [
    Tool(
        name="Calculator",
        func=calculator,
        description="Useful for performing mathematical calculations. Input should be a valid mathematical expression."
    ),
    Tool(
        name="Search",
        func=search_tool,
        description="Useful for searching factual information. Input should be a search query."
    ),
    Tool(
        name="GetDate",
        func=get_current_date,
        description="Returns the current date. No input required."
    )
]


# ReAct prompt template
REACT_PROMPT = """Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:

{tools}

Use the following format:

Question: the input question you must answer
Thought: you should always think about what to do
Action: the action to take, should be one of [{tool_names}]
Action Input: the input to the action
Observation: the result of the action
... (this Thought/Action/Action Input/Observation can repeat N times)
Thought: I now know the final answer
Final Answer: the final answer to the original input question

Begin!

Question: {input}
Thought: {agent_scratchpad}
"""


def create_react_agent_system():
    """Creates a ReAct agent using LangChain."""
    
    # Initialize LLM
    llm = ChatOpenAI(
        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
        temperature=0,
        api_key=os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")
    )
    
    # Create prompt template
    prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(REACT_PROMPT)
    
    # Create agent
    agent = create_react_agent(
        llm=llm,
        tools=tools,
        prompt=prompt
    )
    
    # Create agent executor
    agent_executor = AgentExecutor(
        agent=agent,
        tools=tools,
        verbose=True,
        max_iterations=10,
        handle_parsing_errors=True
    )
    
    return agent_executor


def demonstrate_react_pattern():
    """Demonstrates the ReAct pattern with various examples."""
    
    print("=" * 80)
    print("PATTERN 001: ReAct (Reasoning + Acting)")
    print("=" * 80)
    print()
    
    # Create the ReAct agent
    agent_executor = create_react_agent_system()
    
    # Test cases demonstrating ReAct pattern
    test_questions = [
        "What is the capital of France?",
        "What is 25 * 4 + 10?",
        "What is the population of Tokyo and what is 100 divided by that number in millions?",
        "What's today's date?",
    ]
    
    for i, question in enumerate(test_questions, 1):
        print(f"\n{'=' * 80}")
        print(f"Example {i}: {question}")
        print('=' * 80)
        
        try:
            result = agent_executor.invoke({"input": question})
            print(f"\n✓ Final Answer: {result['output']}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"\n✗ Error: {str(e)}")
        
        print()
    
    # Summary
    print("\n" + "=" * 80)
    print("REACT PATTERN DEMONSTRATION COMPLETE")
    print("=" * 80)
    print()
    print("Key Features Demonstrated:")
    print("1. Thought-Action-Observation loop")
    print("2. Tool selection and usage")
    print("3. Multi-step reasoning")
    print("4. Dynamic decision making")
    print("5. Interpretable reasoning traces")
    print()
    print("LangChain Components Used:")
    print("- AgentExecutor: Manages agent execution loop")
    print("- create_react_agent: Creates ReAct-style agent")
    print("- Tool: Wraps functions as agent tools")
    print("- PromptTemplate: Structures the ReAct prompt format")
    print("- ChatOpenAI: LLM for reasoning and action selection")
    print()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Check for API key
    if not os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY"):
        print("Error: OPENAI_API_KEY not found in environment variables.")
        print("Please set it in your .env file or environment.")
        exit(1)
    
    demonstrate_react_pattern()

Agentic Design Pattern: Reasoning + Action

Pattern 001: ReAct (Reasoning + Acting) – Line-by-Line Explanation

Overview

This document provides a detailed line-by-line explanation of the ReAct pattern implementation.

Lines 1-22: Module Documentation

"""
Pattern 001: ReAct (Reasoning + Acting)

Explanation: Multi-line docstring that documents the pattern. This provides a comprehensive description of what the ReAct pattern is and how it works.

Key Points: – ReAct stands for “Reasoning + Acting” – Combines reasoning traces with task-specific actions – Agent alternates between thinking and doing

Lines 24-26: Import Standard Library

import os
from typing import List, Optional
from dotenv import load_dotenv

Line 24: import os – Imports the operating system module for environment variable access
Line 25: from typing import List, Optional – Imports type hints for better code documentation
Line 26: from dotenv import load_dotenv – Imports function to load environment variables from .env file

Lines 28-31: Import LangChain Components

from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_react_agent
from langchain.tools import Tool
from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

Line 28: Imports AgentExecutor (manages agent execution loop) and create_react_agent (factory function for ReAct agents)
Line 29: Imports Tool class to wrap Python functions as agent tools
Line 30: Imports PromptTemplate for creating structured prompts
Line 31: Imports ChatOpenAI for LLM integration with OpenAI models

Lines 33-34: Load Environment Variables

# Load environment variables
load_dotenv()

Line 33: Comment explaining what the next line does
Line 34: Calls load_dotenv() to load variables from .env file (like API keys)

Lines 37-45: Calculator Tool Function

def calculator(expression: str) -> str:
    """Evaluates a mathematical expression."""
    try:
        # Safe evaluation for demo purposes
        result = eval(expression, {"__builtins__": {}}, {})
        return f"Result: {result}"
    except Exception as e:
        return f"Error: {str(e)}"

Line 37: Function definition – takes a mathematical expression string, returns string result
Line 38: Docstring describing the function’s purpose
Line 39: try block to catch errors during evaluation
Line 40: Comment noting this is for demo (not production-safe)
Line 41: eval() evaluates the expression with restricted builtins for safety
– First argument: expression to evaluate – Second argument: empty __builtins__ dict for security – Third argument: empty local variables dict Line 42: Returns formatted result string
Line 43: except catches any exceptions during evaluation
Line 44: Returns error message if evaluation fails

Lines 47-62: Search Tool Function

def search_tool(query: str) -> str:
    """Simulates a search tool that retrieves information."""
    # Simulated search results
    knowledge_base = {
        "capital of france": "Paris",
        "population of tokyo": "approximately 14 million",
        "height of mount everest": "8,848.86 meters (29,031.7 feet)",
        "speed of light": "299,792,458 meters per second",
        "boiling point of water": "100°C (212°F) at sea level",
    }

Line 47: Function definition for simulated search tool
Line 48: Docstring explaining this simulates a search engine
Line 49: Comment noting this is simulated data
Lines 50-56: Dictionary containing factual knowledge for lookup – Key: search query phrase – Value: factual answer

    query_lower = query.lower()
    for key, value in knowledge_base.items():
        if key in query_lower:
            return f"Search result: {value}"

    return f"Search result: Information about '{query}' not found in knowledge base."

Line 58: Convert query to lowercase for case-insensitive matching
Line 59: Loop through each key-value pair in knowledge base
Line 60: Check if the key is contained in the query
Line 61: If match found, return the corresponding value
Line 63: If no match found, return “not found” message

Lines 65-69: Date Tool Function

def get_current_date() -> str:
    """Returns the current date."""
    from datetime import datetime
    return f"Current date: {datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')}"

Line 65: Function definition – no parameters, returns string
Line 66: Docstring
Line 67: Import datetime module locally (only when function is called)
Line 68: Gets current datetime, formats as YYYY-MM-DD, returns as formatted string

Lines 72-92: Tools List Definition

tools = [
    Tool(
        name="Calculator",
        func=calculator,
        description="Useful for performing mathematical calculations. Input should be a valid mathematical expression."
    ),

Line 72: Creates list of Tool objects for the agent
Lines 73-77: First tool – Calculator – Line 74: name="Calculator" – Name the agent will use to reference this tool – Line 75: func=calculator – Points to the calculator function defined earlier – Line 76: description=... – Tells the agent when/how to use this tool

    Tool(
        name="Search",
        func=search_tool,
        description="Useful for searching factual information. Input should be a search query."
    ),
    Tool(
        name="GetDate",
        func=get_current_date,
        description="Returns the current date. No input required."
    )
]

Lines 78-82: Second tool – Search (similar structure)
Lines 83-87: Third tool – GetDate (similar structure)
Line 88: Closes the tools list

Lines 95-112: ReAct Prompt Template

REACT_PROMPT = """Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:

{tools}

Use the following format:

Question: the input question you must answer
Thought: you should always think about what to do
Action: the action to take, should be one of [{tool_names}]
Action Input: the input to the action
Observation: the result of the action
... (this Thought/Action/Action Input/Observation can repeat N times)
Thought: I now know the final answer
Final Answer: the final answer to the original input question

Begin!

Question: {input}
Thought: {agent_scratchpad}
"""

Line 95: Defines the ReAct prompt template as a multi-line string
Line 96: Instructions for the agent
Line 98: {tools} – Placeholder that will be filled with tool descriptions
Line 100: Tells agent to use specific format
Lines 102-109: Defines the ReAct format: – Question: The task to solve – Thought: Agent’s reasoning about what to do – Action: Which tool to use – Action Input: What to pass to the tool – Observation: Tool’s output – Loop: Can repeat multiple times – Final Answer: Conclusion

Line 111: {input} – Will be replaced with user’s question
Line 112: {agent_scratchpad} – Will contain the agent’s working memory/history

Lines 115-145: Agent Creation Function

def create_react_agent_system():
    """Creates a ReAct agent using LangChain."""

    # Initialize LLM
    llm = ChatOpenAI(
        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
        temperature=0,
        api_key=os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")
    )

Line 115: Function to create and configure the ReAct agent
Line 116: Docstring
Line 118: Comment
Lines 119-123: Create ChatOpenAI instance – Line 120: Use GPT-3.5-turbo model – Line 121: Temperature=0 for deterministic outputs – Line 122: Get API key from environment variable

    # Create prompt template
    prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(REACT_PROMPT)

Lines 125-126: Convert the string template into a PromptTemplate object

    # Create agent
    agent = create_react_agent(
        llm=llm,
        tools=tools,
        prompt=prompt
    )

Lines 128-133: Create the ReAct agent – Line 129: Pass the LLM instance – Line 130: Pass the list of tools – Line 131: Pass the prompt template

    # Create agent executor
    agent_executor = AgentExecutor(
        agent=agent,
        tools=tools,
        verbose=True,
        max_iterations=10,
        handle_parsing_errors=True
    )

    return agent_executor

Lines 135-142: Wrap agent in AgentExecutor – Line 137: Pass the agent – Line 138: Pass tools again (executor needs direct access) – Line 139: verbose=True prints detailed execution steps – Line 140: max_iterations=10 prevents infinite loops – Line 141: handle_parsing_errors=True gracefully handles errors

Line 144: Return the configured agent executor

Lines 148-207: Demonstration Function

def demonstrate_react_pattern():
    """Demonstrates the ReAct pattern with various examples."""

    print("=" * 80)
    print("PATTERN 001: ReAct (Reasoning + Acting)")
    print("=" * 80)
    print()

Line 148: Main demonstration function
Lines 151-154: Print header banner

    # Create the ReAct agent
    agent_executor = create_react_agent_system()

    # Test cases demonstrating ReAct pattern
    test_questions = [
        "What is the capital of France?",
        "What is 25 * 4 + 10?",
        "What is the population of Tokyo and what is 100 divided by that number in millions?",
        "What's today's date?",
    ]

Lines 156-157: Create the agent system
Lines 159-164: Define test questions that demonstrate different capabilities

    for i, question in enumerate(test_questions, 1):
        print(f"\n{'=' * 80}")
        print(f"Example {i}: {question}")
        print('=' * 80)

        try:
            result = agent_executor.invoke({"input": question})
            print(f"\n✓ Final Answer: {result['output']}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"\n✗ Error: {str(e)}")

        print()

Line 166: Loop through questions with index starting at 1
Lines 167-169: Print question header
Lines 171-176: Try-except block to handle execution – Line 172: Invoke agent with question (returns dict with ‘output’ key) – Line 173: Print the final answer – Lines 174-175: Catch and print any errors

    # Summary
    print("\n" + "=" * 80)
    print("REACT PATTERN DEMONSTRATION COMPLETE")
    print("=" * 80)
    print()
    print("Key Features Demonstrated:")
    print("1. Thought-Action-Observation loop")
    print("2. Tool selection and usage")
    print("3. Multi-step reasoning")
    print("4. Dynamic decision making")
    print("5. Interpretable reasoning traces")
    print()
    print("LangChain Components Used:")
    print("- AgentExecutor: Manages agent execution loop")
    print("- create_react_agent: Creates ReAct-style agent")
    print("- Tool: Wraps functions as agent tools")
    print("- PromptTemplate: Structures the ReAct prompt format")
    print("- ChatOpenAI: LLM for reasoning and action selection")
    print()

Lines 179-200: Print comprehensive summary of what was demonstrated

Lines 202-210: Main Execution Block

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Check for API key
    if not os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY"):
        print("Error: OPENAI_API_KEY not found in environment variables.")
        print("Please set it in your .env file or environment.")
        exit(1)

    demonstrate_react_pattern()

Line 202: Check if script is run directly (not imported)
Lines 203-206: Validate API key exists – Line 204: Check if OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable is set – Lines 205-206: Print error message if not found – Line 207: Exit with error code 1

Line 209: Run the demonstration function

Key Concepts Summary

1. ReAct Loop

The agent repeatedly executes: Thought → Action → Observation until the task is complete.

2. Tools

Functions wrapped in LangChain’s Tool class that the agent can invoke.

3. Prompt Template

Structured format that guides the agent’s reasoning process.

4. Agent Executor

Manages the execution loop, tool calls, and error handling.

5. LLM Integration

Uses ChatOpenAI to power the reasoning and decision-making.

Execution Flow

1. User asks a question
2. Agent thinks about what to do (Thought)
3. Agent selects and invokes a tool (Action + Action Input)
4. Tool executes and returns result (Observation)
5. Steps 2-4 repeat as needed
6. Agent provides final answer when task is complete

Best Practices Demonstrated

✅ Type hints for better code documentation
✅ Error handling with try-except blocks
✅ Environment variables for sensitive data (API keys)
✅ Verbose mode for debugging and understanding
✅ Max iterations to prevent infinite loops
✅ Clear tool descriptions to guide agent behavior
✅ Comprehensive documentation with docstrings and comments

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

❌ Don’t use eval() in production without proper sandboxing
❌ Don’t hardcode API keys in source code
❌ Don’t forget to set max_iterations
❌ Don’t make tool descriptions ambiguous
❌ Don’t ignore error handling

Further Improvements

• Add more sophisticated tools (web search, databases)
• Implement custom tool error handling
• Add tool result validation
• Implement conversation memory
• Add logging for production monitoring